Available at: (Accessed: 22 January 2016).ĭepartment of Environmental Affairs. (Switzerland, 2013).ĭepartment of Environmental Affairs. Species Trade and Conservation - Rhinoceroses. Interpretation andIimplementation of the Convention. Science 339, 1038–1039 (2013).Ĭonvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). WW, west of the Shari-Logone River system CV, east of the Shari-Logone to East Africa NE, North-East Africa EA, East Africa to the Zambezi River CE, Central Africa to the Zambezi River RU, Ruvuma region between Kilombero and Shire Rivers SN, Southern Africa (Northern) SE, Southern Africa (Eastern) SW, Southern Africa (Western).īiggs D., Courchamp F., Martin R. Spatially informed haplogroups are colour coded and superimposed onto both phylogeny and network.
Both phylogeny and network show support for seven reciprocally monophyletic haplogroups (WW, NE, CV, EA, CE, RU, SN), but spatial structuring increased resolution to nine haplogroups, adding SE and SW. All other haplotypes are separated by one or two mutations. Small black lines denote the number of mutation steps separating distant haplotypes. Small black circles denote median vectors. Each white and/or red filled circle denotes a haplotype, the size of each circle is proportional to the frequency at which that haplotype was observed in the data set, and the proportion of red/white fill is the ratio of museum/extant samples belonging to each haplotype. Haplotypes coloured in black were isolated from at least one extant individual, whereas haplotypes from red were isolated only from museum samples, assumed extinct and ( b) median-joining network of 64 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region haplotypes showing haplogroup relationships. Only branches with a posterior probability of 1 are shown. The maximum clade credibility tree was constructed from the combined posterior tree sample of five independent runs. ( a) Bayesian phylogeny of 64 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region haplotypes, obtained from a sample of 403 individual sequences. Our results suggest a complete re-evaluation of current conservation management paradigms for the black rhinoceros. We also identify conservation units that will help maintain evolutionary potential. longipes), declared extinct in 2011, extends into southern Kenya, where a handful of individuals survive in the Masai Mara. We found that the historic range of the West African subspecies (D. Genetically unique populations in countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique, Malawi and Angola no longer exist. Using both mitochondrial and nuclear datasets, we described a staggering loss of 69% of the species' mitochondrial genetic variation, including the most ancestral lineages that are now absent from modern populations. Here we examined the range-wide genetic structure of historic and modern populations using the largest and most geographically representative sample of black rhinoceroses ever assembled. This knowledge gap has hampered conservation efforts because hunting has dramatically reduced the species' once continuous distribution, leaving five surviving gene pools of unknown genetic affinity. Despite a wide historic distribution, the black rhinoceros was traditionally thought of as depauperate in genetic variation, and with very little known about its evolutionary history. The black rhinoceros is again on the verge of extinction due to unsustainable poaching in its native range. 11 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.10 Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark.9 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, Stockholm, 10405, Sweden.
Ancestor of a west african black rhinoceros free#
5 Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, West Park, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa.4 National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, 232 Boom Street, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.3 Cardiff School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.2 Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, Savoyenstr.1 Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, Republic of South Africa.
0 kommentar(er)
